Nama : Ati
Fatmawati
Kelas : 4 ea
12
Because and because of
1 - We stopped playing tennis .......
the rain
because of
because
because
2 - It was all ........ her that we got
into trouble
because
because of
because of
3 - We had to hurry indoors ...... it
was raining
because of
because
because
4 - I am late ....... the traffic
because
because of
because of
5 - We didn't arrive until seven o'clock
........ the traffic was terrible
because
because of
because of
6 - She found the exam easy ........ she
had worked hard during the course
because of
because
because
7 - He can't drive ........ his illness
because of
because
because
8 - The restaurant closed down ........
the recession
because
because of
because of
9 - He found working in Japan very
difficult ......... the language problem
because
because of
because of
10 - He's very difficult to understand
......... his accent
because of
because
because
11 - They moved to Liverpool .........
her job
because
because of
because of
12 - There have been a lot of problems in
Britain ........ mad cow disease
because of
because
because
13 - They came to London ........ he got
a job there
because of
because
because
14 - He crashed his car ........ he was
driving too fast
because
because of
because of
15 - He lost his driving licence
......... he was convicted of drinking and driving
because of
because
because
16 - She could only eat a salad in the
restaurant ...... she is a vegetarian
because of
because
because
17 - The newspaper was prosecuted
........ an article about the Government
because
because of
because of
Noun
clauses
A. Noun
clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun
clause can be a subject of a verb:
What Billy did shocked his friends.
A noun
clause can be an object of a verb:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that
he couldn’t swim.
A noun
clause can be a subject complement:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused
to take lessons.
A noun
clause can be an object of a preposition:
Mary is not responsible for what
Billy did.
A noun
clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:
Everybody is sad that Billy
drowned.
B. You can
combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it
in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below)
depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:
To change a statement
to a noun clause use that:
I know + Billy made a mistake =
I know that Billy made a mistake.
To change a yes/no
question to a noun clause, use if or whether:
George wonders + Does Fred know how
to cook? =
George wonders if Fred knows how
to cook.
To change a wh-question
to a noun clause, use the wh-word:
I don’t know + Where is George? =
I don’t know where George is.
C. The
subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause
markers:
that
if, whether
Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which,
who, whom, whose, why
Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever,
wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
D. Except
for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but
it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that
he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know he
couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was that he
refused to take lessons.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was he refused to
take lessons.
correct:
That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
not correct:
* Billy jumped off the pier
surprised everyone.
E. Statement
word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a
question:
not correct:
* Do you know what time is it?
(Question word order: is it)
correct:
Do you know what time it is?
(Statement word order: it is)
not correct:
* Everybody wondered where did
Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)
correct:
Everybody wondered where Billy
went. (Statement word order: Billy went)
F. Sequence
of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:
When the
main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in
the noun clause is:
future if its action/state is later
He thinks that the exam next
week will be hard.
He thinks that the exam next
week is going to be hard.
present if its action/state is at the same
time
He thinks that Mary is
taking the exam right now.
past if its action/state is earlier
He thinks that George took
the exam yesterday.
When the
main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the
noun clause is:
was/were
going to or would
+ BASE if its action/state is later
He thought that the exam the
following week was going to be hard.
He thought that the exam the
following week would be hard.
past if its action/state is at the same
time
He thought that Mary was
taking the exam then.
past perfect if its action/state is earlier
He thought that George had
taken the exam the day before.
If the
action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after
the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used
even if the main verb is past.
The astronaut said that
people will live on other planets someday.
If the action/state
of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the
writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general
truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main
verb is past.
We learned that English is
not easy.
The boys knew that the sun rises
in the east.
G. Here are
some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined)
and one independent clause:
Noun clauses
as subjects of verbs:
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.
What Mary said confused her parents.
However you learn to spell is OK with me.
Noun clauses
as objects of verbs:
We didn’t know that Billy would
jump.
We didn’t know Billy would jump.
Can you tell me if Fred is here?
I don’t know where he is.
George eats whatever is on his
plate.
Noun clauses
as subject complements:
The truth is that Billy was not
very smart.
The truth is Billy was not very
smart.
The question is whether other
boys will try the same thing.
The winner will be whoever runs
fastest.
Noun clauses
as objects of prepositions:
Billy didn’t listen to what Mary
said.
He wants to learn about whatever
is interesting.
Noun clauses
as adjective complements:
He is happy that he is learning
English.
We are all afraid that the final
exam will be difficult.
Not
only but also
Despite the apparent simplicity of these correlative conjunctions, there is
uncertainty and disagreement over the suitability of their use and the
correctness of their placement. Much of this discord pertains to the need for
parallelism and sentence balance. I’ll look at that later in the post, but
first I’ll give an overview of how the conjunctions are used.Not only is this post quite long and detailed, it also lacks images, so I’ve folded it up and divided it into three general sections: Usage, Parallelism, Opinions.
Usage
Writers typically, but not always, use both parts of the set, i.e. (1) not only, and (2) but (also). The first part is occasionally written not just or not alone, while the second part is commonly seen in the forms but . . . too and but . . . as well. These variants offer different nuances but not very different meanings.
It was not just a big bear, but a grumpy one as well.
Not alone did she win the race, but she also beat the record.
He not only used a fictitious example, but he reproduced it too.
But (also) is the most common root form, so I’ll focus on it in this discussion. Where the alternatives are not mentioned, consider them implied. When but is included you can either add also (or its alternatives) or not; both forms are common and standard. Hence the parentheses in but (also), which could also be written as (but) also, since but sometimes doesn’t appear either.
He not only used a fictitious example, but he also reproduced it.
He not only used a fictitious example, he also reproduced it.
Rowers not only face backward, they race backward.
The last example, from the New Yorker, is effective because of its succinctness and punchy rhythm. Adding but would impair it, while adding also would do little or nothing to improve it. Doing without but or also tends to reduce formality, or to reduce stiffness in formal prose, and can benefit short and straightforward constructions. Here are a few more:
“Borges not only wrote stories but transformed them” (The Mirror Man documentary)
“The shape of Cleopatra’s nose influences not only wars, but ideologies” (Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers)
“The omission of the also is not only frequent but Standard” (Kenneth G. Wilson, Columbia Guide to Standard American English)
But (also) can appear by itself, without being preceded by not only:
“It depends on your point of view, but also on where you live.” (Don Watson, Weasel Words)
“The article, based on a lengthy interview with Kidd, but also on discussions with other figures in Joyce and general editorial scholarship, contained the essentials of the row which was then inevitable.” (Bruce Arnold, The Scandal of Ulysses; my underlines)
Not only could have been inserted as follows:
“The article, based not only on a lengthy interview with Kidd, but also on discussions with other figures…”
But whether this is preferable to the original is a matter of taste, not correctness.
Parallelism
Using not only . . . but (also) to frame parallel sentence parts can heighten clarity, reduce ambiguity, and lend elegance to one’s style. Nonetheless, many skilled writers eschew precise parallelism at no significant cost. It’s only when faulty parallelism is flagrant that most readers tend to notice it, or to notice that something has gone awry.
Short sentences derive force from simplicity and a lack of elaborate rhetorical devices, whereas longer sentences often need more emphasis on balance, to help the reader keep track of structure and constituent parts. Balance is boosted by careful placement of sentence elements.
Not only does the number of migrations vary with the month, but also with the type of species.
Not only does the number of migrations vary with the month, (but) it also varies with the type of species.
The number of migrations varies not only with the month, but also with the type of species.
These examples show the general benefit of careful placement of the correlative conjunctions. Though none is likely to confuse people, the third is the tidiest. Some style authorities consider this tidiness an essential point of courtesy, but sentence structure is not something most readers pay much attention to – unless it’s a mess. To take a closer look at not only . . . but (also) in the context of parallelism and sentence balance, consider the following example:
The controversy not only damages sales but also shareholder confidence.
That is, [subject] not only [verb, noun] but also [noun]. Many readers don’t notice that the correlated sentence parts are mismatched, some notice but don’t care, and others notice and care a little, or care very much.
If you want to offset criticism from purists, you could reposition not only from its contentious position before the verb, to immediately before the element it qualifies:
The controversy damages not only sales but also shareholder confidence.
[subject, verb] not only [noun] but also [noun]
or you could repeat the verb or insert another suitable one:
The controversy not only damages sales but also damages shareholder confidence.
The controversy not only damages sales but also undermines shareholder confidence.
[subject] not only [verb, noun] but also [verb, noun]
Or you could simply use and:
The controversy damages sales and shareholder confidence.
Each option brings subtle differences to the structure and stress of the sentence. Here’s an interesting example from George Orwell’s “Down the Mine”:
Occasionally, of course, the charge is too powerful, and then it not only brings the coal out but brings the roof down as well.
The phrasal verbs bring out and bring down add further internal symmetry and counterpoint to Orwell’s sentence.
Opinions
Usage commentators disagree on whether not only and but (also) should frame parallel elements. Some grammarians advise strict adherence to parallelism; others are more relaxed about it. Here is H. W. Fowler in A Dictionary of Modern English Usage:
Not only out of its place is like a tintack loose on the floor; it might have been most serviceable somewhere else, & is capable of giving acute & undeserved pain where it is.
Bryan A. Garner in A Dictionary of Modern American Usage is equally severe, instructing that not only . . . but (also) “must frame syntactically identical sentence parts”. The advice in Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage is more moderate. Reporting many literary and historical examples of non-parallel usage, it concludes:
So long as you take care that the groups of words joined by the conjunctions are not so dissimilar as to call attention to themselves, you need not worry all the time about achieving precise parallelism. It is more important for your sentence to sound natural and to make sense.Not only and but (also) certainly have their uses, but they tend to be overworked in over-baked prose, where they occasionally fudge the contents or lead the reader astray. If you use them and you find the result awkward or ambiguous, try to recast the elements as I have shown, to improve the structure and balance of your sentence, and remember that and can often suffice for more complex constructions.
http://stancarey.wordpress.com/2009/04/22/not-only-but-also/
Have something done
If you 'have
something done', you get somebody else to do something for you.
·
I'm going to
have my hair cut.
·
She's having
her house redecorated.
·
I'm having a
copy of the report sent to you
In informal
English, we can replace 'have' by 'get'.
·
We're
getting a new telephone system installed.
·
They will be
getting the system repaired as quickly as they can.
·
I got the
bill sent direct to the company.
We can also
use 'have/got something done' in situations where something bad has happened to
people or their possessions. This is not something they wanted to happen.
·
John had all
his money stolen from his hotel bedroom.
·
We had our
car damaged by a falling tree.
·
I got my
nose broken playing rugby.
Take a look
at these two sentences. What is the difference in meaning between them?
'I cut my
hair.'
'I have my hair cut.'
'I have my hair cut.'
'I cut my
hair' means that I do it myself.
'I have my hair cut means someone cuts my hair for me (in this case it's probably a hairdresser).
'I have my hair cut means someone cuts my hair for me (in this case it's probably a hairdresser).
We use have
something done to mean another person does a service for us.
The grammar
for this is pretty simple:
Have +
object + past participle
Let's take a
look at a few more examples:
'We didn't
want to cook so we had a pizza delivered.'
'I had my car washed at that new place by the station.'
'I had my watch fixed.'
'I had my car washed at that new place by the station.'
'I had my watch fixed.'
We can also
use 'get' instead of 'had' and the meaning stays the same. The sentences above
now become:
'We didn't
want to cook so we got a pizza delivered.'
'I got my car washed at that new place by the station.'
'I got my watch fixed.'
'I got my car washed at that new place by the station.'
'I got my watch fixed.'
future
'I had my
watch fixed' tells us about the past.
'I am going to have / get my watch fixed' tells us about the future.
'I am going to have / get my watch fixed' tells us about the future.
'Going
to' tells us about a future plan that has already been made.
We use
'will' for something that has just been decided:
I just
noticed how dirty my suit is. I will have / get it cleaned soon.'
questions
Imagine that
you like your friend's new haircut; you could ask her:
'Where did
you have / get your hair cut?'
Maybe you
have just moved to a new town and you decided that it is time for a haircut
;you can ask:
'Where can I
have / get my hair cut?'
You want to
know if your friend's car has been fixed yet; you can ask:
'Did you
have your car fixed?'
services for a busy world
As we all
live in a busy world, we don't have the time (or skills)to do all the things
that we need to. That's why we have a service industry that will help us get
what need done.
Take a look
at these examples:
A jeweller's
is a place where you can have your watch fixed.
A dry cleaner's is a place where you can have your suit cleaned.
A florist's is a place where you can have flowers delivered.
A hairdresser's is a place where you can have your hair cut.
A dentist's is a place where you can have your teeth checked.
An optician's is a place where you can have your eyes checked.
A garage is a place where you can have your car repaired.
A dry cleaner's is a place where you can have your suit cleaned.
A florist's is a place where you can have flowers delivered.
A hairdresser's is a place where you can have your hair cut.
A dentist's is a place where you can have your teeth checked.
An optician's is a place where you can have your eyes checked.
A garage is a place where you can have your car repaired.
using have something done for bad things
In all the
examples above we have looked at services we can pay for if we want. We can
also use the same expression when someone does something bad to us. For
example:
'Jenny had
her car stolen.' Here Jenny did not want someone to steal her car, but
someone did it.
'Have you ever had your nose broken in a fight?' Nobody wants to have their nose broken, but it could happen!
'Have you ever had your nose broken in a fight?' Nobody wants to have their nose broken, but it could happen!
- We're getting a new house ___.
builds
built
builded
build
built
builded
build
- You will need to get your photo
___ for your new passport.
taken
take
took
taked
take
took
taked
- A jeweller's is a place where
you can have your watch ___ .
repaired
stolen
delivered
cut
stolen
delivered
cut
- A florist's is a place where
you can have flowers ___.
cleaned
delivered
fixed
checked
delivered
fixed
checked
- I had my bag ___ when I was on holiday.
steal
stealed
stolen
sealed
stealed
stolen
sealed
- I'm going to have my bedroom
walls ___ this weekend.
painted
painteded
paint
panted
painteded
paint
panted
- I had my holiday pictures ___
in an hour at the photograph shop.
checked
developed
repaired
cut
developed
repaired
cut
Degrees of Comparison
Degrees of Comparison
are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them
one by one.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing,We use the Positive degree.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing,We use the Positive degree.
Examples:
• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• This flower is beautiful.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.
• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• This flower is beautiful.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.
The second one in the Degrees of Comparison
is...
2.Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
b. This flower is more beautiful than that.
(Comparative)
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
c. He is more intelligent than this boy.
(Comparative)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “more intelligent” is comparative
version of the term “intelligent”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)
He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)
The term “taller” is comparative version of the term “tall”.He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
The third one in the Degrees of Comparison is...
3.Superlative degree:
When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,
We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:
When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,
We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:
a. This is the biggest house in this street.
(Superlative)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
The term “biggest” is the superlative version
of the term “big”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
b. This flower is the most beautiful one in
this garden. (Superlative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
The term “most beautiful” is the superlative
version of the term “beautiful”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “most intelligent” is superlative
version of the term “intelligent”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is the tallest student in this class.
(Superlative)
He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
The term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
http://www.english-for-students.com/Degrees-of-Comparison.html
Adjective
and adverb
Adjective Adjectives Modify Nouns
- Adjectives are placed directly before a noun:
Examples:
Tom is an excellent singer.
I bought a comfortable chair.
She's thinking about buying a new
house.
- Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb 'to be'. In this case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence:
Examples:
Jack is happy.
Peter was very tired.
Mary'll be excited when you tell her.
- Adjectives are used with sense verbs or verbs or appearance (feel, taste, smell, sound, appear and seem) to modify the noun which comes before the verb:
Examples:
The fish tasted awful.
Did you see Peter? He seemed very upset.
I'm afraid the meat smelled rotten.
Adverbs
Adverbs Modify Verbs, Adjectives and Other Adverbs - Adverbs are easily recognized because the end in '-ly' (with a few exceptions!):
Examples:
Adjective -> careful / Adverb ->
carefully
Adjective -> quick / Adverb -> quickly
- Adverbs are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb:
Examples:
Jack drove carelessly.
Tom played the match effortlessly.
Jason complained about his classes constantly.
- Adverbs are used to modify adjectives:
Examples:
They seemed extremely satisfied.
She paid increasingly high prices.
I was suddenly surprised by Alice.
- Adverbs are also used to modify other adverbs:
Examples:
The people in the line moved incredibly
quickly.
She wrote the report unusually neatly.
More Adjective and Adverb Help Adjectives Explained
Adjective Order
Adjective Order Quiz
Adverbs Explained
Adverb Clauses
Adverbs of Frequency
More Help with Adverbs
Related Articles
- adverb - definition and examples of adverb
- Adverbs of Quality - Intermediate Spanish
- Making Adverbs From Adjectives in Spanish — Spanish Grammar
- modifier - definition and examples of modifier
- How to Use Adverbs - English Adverb
http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/a_adjoradv.htm
